Glossaire

The achievement of more favourable exchange rates than the predetermined budget rate, resulting in improved financial performance relative to original planning assumptions. Outperformance can result from skilled timing of hedging transactions, favourable market movements, or sophisticated hedging strategies that capture upside potential whilst maintaining downside protection.

For example, a Europe-based company with purchases in PLN achieved 2.1% outperformance on EUR-PLN through a combination of conditional orders (covering 59.2% of exposure) and micro-hedging of firm orders (covering 40.8% of exposure). Similarly, their GBP-EUR operations achieved 2.8% outperformance with 31.4% hedged through conditional orders and 68.6% through micro-hedging firm sales.

This outperformance occurs because firm orders are only hedged when market rates are more favourable than the budget rate - otherwise, protective stop-loss orders would have been triggered first. Measuring outperformance helps evaluate hedging programme effectiveness and identify improvement opportunities. Flexible and market-based hedging programs allow managers to systematically protect/outperform FX budget rates—whatever the economic scenario.

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The Budget Reference Rate, commonly known as the ‘budget rate’, is the predetermined exchange rate that a company uses for pricing purposes throughout an entire budget or campaign period. This rate is typically established before the campaign commences and serves as the foundation for setting product or service prices.

The budget rate provides stability in pricing decisions by eliminating the uncertainty of fluctuating exchange rates during the operational period, allowing businesses to maintain consistent profit margins regardless of currency market movements. It can be the current spot rate, the current forward rate, an off-market rate, or a market-consensus rate. Even if a firm does not use an explicit benchmark, its budget necessarily contains at least an ‘implicit’ FX rate if foreign currency-denominated transactions are planned.

For firms that set stable prices for the year at the start of their annual budget, the budget coincides with the annual ‘campaign’. In this case, protecting the budget rate (with FX hedging) is the same as protecting the campaign rate

However, in firms that conduct more than one campaign per budget period —for example, a fashion company with several collections or ‘seasons’ per year— an important distinction arises. To the extent that they need to protect a budget rate, this rate should be the budget rate of each individual campaign, rather than the annual budget rate.

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Business foreign exchange refers to the trading of currencies for purposes of real international trade of goods and services, in contrast to the vast majority of FX trades, which are purely speculative.This activity represents less than 2% of the USD5.3 trillion exchanged daily on the global FX market, while speculative trading accounts for the remaining 98%.Companies that operate across borders might carry out business foreign exchange. Exporting to a foreign market, buying or selling assets from abroad and paying employees and consultants are just some of the international transactions that require business foreign exchange.Some companies still manage these FX needs manually using banks or brokers as intermediaries, a rather inefficient process that too often involves hidden charges and spreads.The advent of Fintech has seen new alternatives emerge. Technologically advanced companies are increasingly adopting more efficient FX risk management systems, like Dynamic Hedging, that allow them to automate their FX needs with minimal effort.

A campaign period is the specific operational timeframe during which product or service prices remain fixed based on predetermined budget rates, regardless of subsequent foreign exchange rate movements. Campaign periods exist within the broader budget period framework, with multiple campaigns typically occurring during a single budget cycle.

For example, an annual budget period might encompass quarterly or semi-annual campaign periods. During each campaign, companies cannot adjust their pricing to customers, creating foreign exchange exposure that requires systematic hedging protection. At the end of each campaign period, businesses can implement repricing to reflect accumulated currency impacts (known as the "FX cliff") before commencing the next campaign within the same budget period.

Cash collection, also known as payment collection, is a treasury function that describes the process whereby a company recovers cash from other businesses (or individuals) to whom it has previously issued an invoice. The key objective of cash collection is to get invoices paid on their due date. New payment settlements or credit terms also need to be managed, in order to avoid debts becoming ‘doubtful’ or ‘bad’. In the case of companies with significant volumes of payments, manual collection and reconciliation processes can be an arduous and time-consuming process, better managed with software-based solutions.

Cash Concentration is a corporate treasury management technique involving the transfer of all funds from different accounts to a single, centralised account to increase cash management efficiency and reduce fees. There are numerous advantages to concentrating all available funds into a single account. Businesses can improve the visibility and availability of their funds and gain more control over deposits from diverse locations while ensuring that no funds are lying in bank accounts that don’t generate interest. Cash concentration also reduces bank service charges to those of the central account and makes it simpler to monitor cash flows.

Cash Flow at Risk (CFaR), in the context of foreign exchange, is a measure of the extent to which future cash flows and operating profit margins may fall short of expectations as a result of currency fluctuations. CFaR calculations take into account the volatility of the currency pairs in the exposure and their correlation, in order to measure the cash-flow and/or operating margin impact of an adverse change in currency rates.

Cash flow hedging is a comprehensive risk management strategy that protects organisations against the adverse effects of currency fluctuations on future cash flows. This approach focuses on stabilising the domestic currency value of anticipated foreign currency receipts or payments, thereby providing greater predictability in financial planning and budgeting processes.

Cash flow hedges are concerned with a firm’s economic exposure. A firm may undertake cash flow hedges to protect its budgeted exposure from FX risk.  Depending on a company’s specific situation in terms of its pricing dynamics, degree of forecast accuracy and other parameters, different types of cash-flow hedging programs can be designed to protect budgeted exposures.

These include static hedging, rolling hedging, layered hedging, hedging based on firm commitments, balance sheet items hedging, and different combinations of such programs.  When hedging cash flows under Hedge Accounting, companies need to provide documentation regarding the hedged item, the hedging instrument and the methodology used to test the effectiveness of the hedge.  

The implementation and management of cash flow hedging programs may be quite burdensome for treasury teams that rely on manual exposure collection and hedge execution. However, Currency Management Automation solutions allow firms to run cash flow hedging programs on a fully automated basis.

Cash management is concerned with selecting the optimal combination of current assets —cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable and inventory — and current liabilities, or short-term funds to finance those current assets. For companies with international operations, cash management must take into account the impact of currency fluctuations.  

Cash management can be organised on a decentralise basis with autonomous operating units, or by means of a fully centralised cash management program. Decentralising allows the corporation to operate with a smaller amount of cash and allows it to reduce FX transaction costs by increasing the volume of FX transactions. It can also lead to cost-saving in terms of payments netting.

For big firms with subsidiares located around the world, centralising treasury operations has certain cash benefits. In practice, this means having the Head Office/ Headquarters (HQ) take responsibility for the liquidity needs of affiliates/subsidiaries. FX centralisation solutions like Kantox In-House FX allow group treasurers to obtain full visibility of cash flow FX exposures across the enterprise, whatever their source.

Cash pooling is a centralised cash management technique where a company or group of companies consolidates their cash balances into a centralised account. This practice optimises liquidity management by effectively combining surplus funds from some accounts with deficit balances in others.

By maintaining a single master balance with each banking partner, organisations can minimise interest expenses, reduce transaction costs, maximise interest earnings, and improve overall financial visibility. Cash pooling enables more efficient capital allocation, enhanced forecasting capabilities, and stronger negotiating power with financial institutions.

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A central bank is a government-sponsored entity entrusted with the issuance and management of a country's currency. In the case of the Eurozone, the central bank is a pluri-national entity. Because they have a monopoly on the issuance of banks and notes, central banks can exercise a decisive influence on short-term money market interest rates—and, by extension, on foreign exchange rates. The credibility of a central bank depends not only on the technical expertise of its management but also, crucially, on whether it has operational independence from the government. An important feature of central banks in recent years is the (somewhat informal) network of mutual currency swap agreements that allow participants to draw on a credit line from another central bank in a different currency than its own. These networks play an important role in stabilising global FX markets in times of heightened currency volatility. Currency swap agreements are mostly centered around the United States’s Federal Reserve Bank and the European Central Banks, but they also involve —increasingly— the People’s Republic Bank of China.