Glosario

En el mercado de divisas, una orden de mercado es la instrucción de un inversor de vender o comprar una divisa de forma inmediata.

Debido a la volatilidad del mercado de divisas, las órdenes de mercado se ejecutan en el precio disponible en el momento en que se ejecuta la operación. Las órdenes de mercado pueden fijarse al tipo de cambio seleccionado por el comprador para garantizar que la compra o la venta se realiza en el momento más oportuno, minimizando los efectos adversos de la volatilidad.

Cuando un cliente solicita una orden de mercado, el proveedor de divisas supervisa los movimientos en los tipos de cambio y ejecuta la operación cuando el tipo seleccionado por el cliente es alcanzado. Esto es posible en gran medida gracias a la automatización a través de plataformas en línea a través de las cuales se pueden comprar y vender de forma inmediata.

Other comprehensive income is part of the ‘Statement of comprehensive income as defined in the rules set by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The statement of comprehensive income extends the conventional income statement to include certain other gains and losses that affect shareholders equity. Among the gains and losses recorded in ‘Other comprehensive income’ are unrealised FX gains and losses.

An outright forward contract is a contractual agreement to buy or sell a specified amount of one currency against payment in another currency at a specified date in the future known as the ‘value date’. By contrast, when both parties can exchange the funds before the value date, the forward contract is said to be ‘open’. Sometimes known as a ‘fixed’ or ‘standard’ contract, the outright forward is the simplest type of forward contract. For this reason, these forwards are widely used by businesses to hedge against the risk of losses due to adverse exchange rate movements. However, hedging with outright forwards makes it impossible to benefit from advantageous exchange rate movements. Outright forwards also offer no flexibility about the date of settlement. Both parties are legally obliged to exchange the funds on the value date. Businesses that need more flexibility over payment terms may prefer open or ‘flexible’ forward contracts.

Over-hedging describes the situation of a firm that has hedged in anticipation of an exposure that has failed to materialise completely. Over-hedging is common in companies with low forecast accuracy that apply static hedging, with a big hedge taken at the start of the period. If these positions. Firms that find themselves in a situation of over-hedging should unwind some of their hedges in order to free up collateral and increase the firm’s borrowing capacity—a top-priority in situations of stress in credit markets. Over-hedging can be overcome with the right budget hedging program or combination of programs that mix elements of static and dynamic hedging.

Payment automation refers to a system for processing payments through software technology with minimal or no manual interaction.Payments Automation for International BusinessesInternational companies often rely on a global supply chain or have an extensive network of foreign suppliers. These practices may involve significant amounts of international payments, demanding a good deal of time and effort from the treasury department.In these cases, some companies implement technological tools to automate payment processing, minimising the workload of the treasury team and reducing human error.

A payment file or a ‘batch payment file’ is a document that specifies the details of each of the individual payments in a payment batch. A payment file contains all the information necessary to process a money transfer: the payer and beneficiaries’ account numbers, the amounts, pay-in and pay-out currencies, payment reference and other relevant comments. Companies with significant invoice processing activity tend to bundle payments to process them in batches in order to save time. The resulting payment file includes the details of all the invoices in the batch and is used by the bank or electronic payment provider to process all the transactions.

Payment netting is a procedure to settle transactions while minimising the need for funds to actually change hands. An asset manager may be ‘long’ Credit Default Swaps on Company A and ‘short’ on Company B. Instead of making payments for one position while receiving payments from the other, the payment can be ‘netted out’ to avoid unnecessary movements of funds.

The category of payment reconciliation software comprises a wide range of technological solutions to automate bank and intercompany reconciliation processes, credit card matching and invoice-to‑PO matching in order to simplify payment reconciliation.It is impractical for e-commerce companies, marketplaces and, in general, businesses processing significant volumes of daily transactions manually, undertaking all the administrative tasks involved in reconciliation.These companies usually implement payment reconciliation software solutions, like Kantox currency accounts, to improve process efficiency. Currency accounts allow these businesses to maintain a very cost-efficient structure of multiple account numbers to channel payments from different customers or in different currencies.

A pegged exchange rate, also known as a fixed exchange rate, is a currency regime in which the country’s currency is tied to another currency, usually USD or EUR. The purpose of a pegged exchange rate is to stabilise the value of the local currency, keeping it at a fixed rate in order to avoid exchange rate fluctuations. A country may decide to stabilise its exchange rate through a pegged exchange rate to prevent an excess of under- or over-valuation. Such arrangements can work well for some time, especially if the country that applies it is seen as credible by foreign exchange markets participants. Sooner or later, however, differences between the currencies concerned —due to inflation rates, productivity levels or other factors— are bound to create uncertainty about the peg, which (paradoxically) could lead to even more exchange rate instability over the medium- to long term.

Plain vanilla is a term used to describe a financial instrument with no unusual features. The simplest forward, options and swap contracts are all examples of plain vanilla financial instruments. Thanks to their simplicity, they are generally cheaper than non-plain vanilla products. Plain vanilla forward contracts, such as Outright Forwards and Open Forwards are the most widely used instrument in Currency Management Automation solutions. This is because, unlike complex financial instruments designed for special situations, plain vanilla currency forwards answer most of the day-to-day FX risk management needs of companies.

Pre-transaction risk comprises the firm’s operational and currency risk before a transaction is committed. From the operational point of view, pre-transaction risk starts with the process of collecting and monitoring the firm’s FX exposure. Is the process of collection exposure timely, relevant and accurate? Are currency markets monitored with manual or automated processes? In terms of currency risk, pre-transaction risk, also known as pricing risk, refers to possible exchange rate fluctuations between the moment a company prices a transaction and the moment it is formally agreed. It is especially prevalent in industries that operate with framework contracts like the specialty chemicals industry. Pricing risk, in this case, starts when FX-denominated inventory is purchased and continues until the corresponding sales transaction is agreed.